How the President of India is elected? - Page 2

abhisays · 15-06-2012, 05:24 PM

Elimination of the Bottom Candidate

If all the seats are filled upon this second count, the election is completed. But if all the required number of candidates do not reach the quota by the distribution of surplus first preferences votes of the candidates who have received more than the quota, the process is reversed by dropping out the candidate who has the least number of first preferences. The whole of his votes are transferred to the other not yet elected candidates in accordance with the next available preferences shown on his papers (next available means next excluding candidates already elected). If this does not suffice to fill the remaining seat or seats, the process is repeated by the exclusion of the candidate now at the bottom of polls and the transfer of his votes as a whole in accordance with the next available preferences shown on his papers. Eventually in this way all seats are filled.
Irrespective of the fact that a number of seats may have to be filled, this system postulates one vote for each voter with the reservation that this single vote is transferred to other candidates. This is the reason why this system is known as "single transferable vote system."
The question of proportional representation in one sense can arise only in a multiple-member constituency when there are several seats to be filled up. In that case, the surplus votes are transferred to or distributed amongst the different candidates in order to get the number of members required to be elected, according to the procedure indicated above. Under the Constitution of India members of the Upper House of Parliament and of the State Legislature are elected according to the above formula.

abhisays · 15-06-2012, 05:24 PM

How Proportional Representation Works in the Election of the Indian President

In the case of the election of the President and the Vice-President there is, however, only one member to be elected. In this case, the Government of India has, nevertheless, prescribed the manner in which the proportional representation is to work. The method prescribed is generally known as the "alternative vote" in a single-member constituency. The following illustration would explain it more fully.
The total number of valid votes is 15,000 and there are four candidates, A,B,C,D. Suppose, they have polled votes as follows:
A ..... ..... ..... ..... 5,250
B ..... ..... ..... ..... 4,800
C ..... ..... ..... ..... 2,700
D ..... ..... ..... ..... 2,250
In the ordinary system of election by simple majority vote, A would be elected forthwith since a voter in this system marks only one preference and as such no question of counting any further preferences, say the second or the third, arises. In the case of the "alternative vote system" it is, however, not so, as it may be that the second best candidate may be declared elected, as against the candidate who might have secured the majority of first preference votes. In the illustration mentioned above the quota will be -

15,000
-------- +1 = 7501 1 + 1
No candidate who secures less than 7,501 votes can, in this case of election through the system of proportional representation, be elected. It thus follows that if a candidate is able to secure 7,501 or more first preference votes in his favour, he is immediately declared elected and there does not remain any need to take a second or subsequent count. But if, as in the given case, no candidate has secured this quota, the subsequent preferences have to be counted, until a candidate securing the prescribed limit of votes is found out. The Presidential and Vice-Presidential Election Rules 1952 prescribes the procedure for counting up the subsequent preferences as follows:
"- If at the end of the first or any subsequent count, the total number of votes credited to any candidate is equal to, or greater than, the quota, or there is any one continuing candidate, that candidate is declared elected.
- If at the end of any count, no candidate can be declared elected -
(a) exclude the candidate who upto that stage has been credited with the lowest number of votes;
(b) examine all the ballot papers in his parcel and sub-parcels, arrange the unexhausted papers in sub-parcels according to the next available preferences recorded thereon for the continuing candidates; count the number of votes in each such sub-parcel and credit it to the candidate for whom such preference is recorded; transfer the sub-parcel of all the exhausted papers; and
(c) see whether any of the continuing candidates has, after such transfer and credit, secured the quota. If, when a candidate has to be excluded under clause (a) above, two or more candidates have been credited with the same number of votes and stand lowest on the poll, exclude that candidate who has secured the lowest number of first preferences votes, and if that number also was the same in the case of two or more candidates, decide by lot which of them shall be excluded.
All sub-parcels of exhausted papers referred to in clause (b) above, shall be set apart as finally dealt with and the votes recorded thereon shall not thereafter be taken into account."
It would, therefore, be seen that in case where no member has obtained the quota votes fixed for election, the prescribed method of transfer of votes follows a process of elimination of the candidate who is at the lowest rung in the order of polling according to the first preference and so on, till at last such a candidate is found who has obtained the quota of votes or if there is no such candidate, all candidates except one are, one after the other, eliminated from the field. The candidate who survives the process of elimination is in such a case returned as the President or Vice-President, as the case may be.
An application of this process to the illustration given above would reveal that D will be the first to be eliminated, and the second preferences recorded in the 2,250 ballot papers on which he has obtained the first preference will be transferred to the remaining candidates, namely A, B, and C. Supposing in these 2250 ballot papers the second preferences are recorded as follows:-
In favour of A ..... ..... 300
B ..... ..... 1050
C ..... ..... 900
These will be transferred and added to the first preferences in favour of A, B and C as follows:-
A ..... 5,250 + 300 = 5,550
B ..... 4,800 + 1050 = 5,850
C ..... 2,700 + 900 = 3,600
Now in the second count, therefore, C having obtained the last number of votes is eliminated and 3,600 votes secured by him are once again transferred to A and B in the order of third preferences recorded thereon. Suppose the third preferences on the 3,600 ballot papers recorded in favour of A and B are 1700 and 1900 respectively the result of this second transfer would then be as under:
A ..... 5,550 + 1,700 = 7,250
B ..... 5,850 + 1,900 = 7,750
B having, therefore, in this case secured the quota of votes is elected and it is no longer necessary to count the fourth preference. The illustration thus shows that although B had secured lesser number of first preferences votes as compared to A, yet B is elected by virtue of the second preferences obtained by him. This apparently anomalous result is justified on the reasoning that if the views of the electors are assessed through the doctrine of proportional representation it is clearly revealed that B is preferred and supported by a numerically larger number of electors than A and as such he is the one elected by a majority.
The present system of election for the President has been adopted under the Constitution of India, in order to maintain the neutrality of the head of State, which both the ceremonial functions in any federation and the specific powers under a parliamentary system demand and also to render it acceptable to as wide a body of opinion as possible. But it should be remembered that the presidential office can be kept above political turmoils only if the majority party at the Centre willingly consults minority parties also before a nomination is announced. This is desirable because, despite the provision that for the election of the President the votes of the members of Parliament be equal to those of the Assemblies of all the States taken together, the possibility cannot be set aside that State Legislatures may at any time be dominated by parties other than the party in power at the Centre and in such a case they might be able to defeat a nominee of the majority party at the Centre.

abhisays · 15-06-2012, 05:24 PM

TENTH PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION, 1992

The term of the Eighth President Shri R. Venkataraman was to expire on 24.07.1992. Tenth Presidential Election was to be held before that date. The Electoral College consisted of elected members of Lok Sabha (543), Rajya Sabha (233) and 25 State Legislative Assemblies (3972). Thus the total electors were 4748.
Each Member of Parliament had 702 votes and the number of votes for each Member of the State Legislative Assemblies differed from State to State on the basis of the population. The lowest value of votes was for the MLAs of Sikkim State (07) and the highest value of votes was for the MLAs of Uttar Pradesh (208). The value of votes was calculated on the basis of 1971 census. At the time of this election the Legislative Assemblies of J&K and Nagaland were under dissolution.
Following were the number of votes polled by the candidates:-

1. Dr Shanker Dayal Sharma 6,75,864
2. Shri G.G. Swell 3,46,485
3. Shri Ram Jethmalani 2,704
4. Kaka Joginder Singh Urf Dharti-Pakad 1,135
--------------
TOTAL 10,26,188
Dr Shankar Dayal Sharma was declared elected by the Returning Officer on 16.07.1992. He assumed office on 25.07.1992.

bharat · 06-01-2013, 04:01 AM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aZnKCauj-tE

अच्छी जानकारी का सूत्र है! सच कहूँ तो इस बार के राष्ट्रपति चुनाव तक मुझे भी प्रक्रिया का पता नहीं था! नैट पर खोजा तो एक वीडियो मिला! बहुत आसानी से समझ आ सकता है! लिंक दे रहा हूँ!

15-06-2012, 05:24 PM	#11
abhisays Administrator Join Date: Dec 2009 Location: Bangalore Posts: 16,772 Rep Power: 137	Re: How the President of India is elected? Elimination of the Bottom Candidate If all the seats are filled upon this second count, the election is completed. But if all the required number of candidates do not reach the quota by the distribution of surplus first preferences votes of the candidates who have received more than the quota, the process is reversed by dropping out the candidate who has the least number of first preferences. The whole of his votes are transferred to the other not yet elected candidates in accordance with the next available preferences shown on his papers (next available means next excluding candidates already elected). If this does not suffice to fill the remaining seat or seats, the process is repeated by the exclusion of the candidate now at the bottom of polls and the transfer of his votes as a whole in accordance with the next available preferences shown on his papers. Eventually in this way all seats are filled. Irrespective of the fact that a number of seats may have to be filled, this system postulates one vote for each voter with the reservation that this single vote is transferred to other candidates. This is the reason why this system is known as "single transferable vote system." The question of proportional representation in one sense can arise only in a multiple-member constituency when there are several seats to be filled up. In that case, the surplus votes are transferred to or distributed amongst the different candidates in order to get the number of members required to be elected, according to the procedure indicated above. Under the Constitution of India members of the Upper House of Parliament and of the State Legislature are elected according to the above formula. __________________ अब माई हिंदी फोरम, फेसबुक पर भी है. https://www.facebook.com/hindiforum

15-06-2012, 05:24 PM	#12
abhisays Administrator Join Date: Dec 2009 Location: Bangalore Posts: 16,772 Rep Power: 137	Re: How the President of India is elected? How Proportional Representation Works in the Election of the Indian President In the case of the election of the President and the Vice-President there is, however, only one member to be elected. In this case, the Government of India has, nevertheless, prescribed the manner in which the proportional representation is to work. The method prescribed is generally known as the "alternative vote" in a single-member constituency. The following illustration would explain it more fully. The total number of valid votes is 15,000 and there are four candidates, A,B,C,D. Suppose, they have polled votes as follows: A ..... ..... ..... ..... 5,250 B ..... ..... ..... ..... 4,800 C ..... ..... ..... ..... 2,700 D ..... ..... ..... ..... 2,250 In the ordinary system of election by simple majority vote, A would be elected forthwith since a voter in this system marks only one preference and as such no question of counting any further preferences, say the second or the third, arises. In the case of the "alternative vote system" it is, however, not so, as it may be that the second best candidate may be declared elected, as against the candidate who might have secured the majority of first preference votes. In the illustration mentioned above the quota will be - 15,000 -------- +1 = 7501 1 + 1 No candidate who secures less than 7,501 votes can, in this case of election through the system of proportional representation, be elected. It thus follows that if a candidate is able to secure 7,501 or more first preference votes in his favour, he is immediately declared elected and there does not remain any need to take a second or subsequent count. But if, as in the given case, no candidate has secured this quota, the subsequent preferences have to be counted, until a candidate securing the prescribed limit of votes is found out. The Presidential and Vice-Presidential Election Rules 1952 prescribes the procedure for counting up the subsequent preferences as follows: "- If at the end of the first or any subsequent count, the total number of votes credited to any candidate is equal to, or greater than, the quota, or there is any one continuing candidate, that candidate is declared elected. - If at the end of any count, no candidate can be declared elected - (a) exclude the candidate who upto that stage has been credited with the lowest number of votes; (b) examine all the ballot papers in his parcel and sub-parcels, arrange the unexhausted papers in sub-parcels according to the next available preferences recorded thereon for the continuing candidates; count the number of votes in each such sub-parcel and credit it to the candidate for whom such preference is recorded; transfer the sub-parcel of all the exhausted papers; and (c) see whether any of the continuing candidates has, after such transfer and credit, secured the quota. If, when a candidate has to be excluded under clause (a) above, two or more candidates have been credited with the same number of votes and stand lowest on the poll, exclude that candidate who has secured the lowest number of first preferences votes, and if that number also was the same in the case of two or more candidates, decide by lot which of them shall be excluded. All sub-parcels of exhausted papers referred to in clause (b) above, shall be set apart as finally dealt with and the votes recorded thereon shall not thereafter be taken into account." It would, therefore, be seen that in case where no member has obtained the quota votes fixed for election, the prescribed method of transfer of votes follows a process of elimination of the candidate who is at the lowest rung in the order of polling according to the first preference and so on, till at last such a candidate is found who has obtained the quota of votes or if there is no such candidate, all candidates except one are, one after the other, eliminated from the field. The candidate who survives the process of elimination is in such a case returned as the President or Vice-President, as the case may be. An application of this process to the illustration given above would reveal that D will be the first to be eliminated, and the second preferences recorded in the 2,250 ballot papers on which he has obtained the first preference will be transferred to the remaining candidates, namely A, B, and C. Supposing in these 2250 ballot papers the second preferences are recorded as follows:- In favour of A ..... ..... 300 B ..... ..... 1050 C ..... ..... 900 These will be transferred and added to the first preferences in favour of A, B and C as follows:- A ..... 5,250 + 300 = 5,550 B ..... 4,800 + 1050 = 5,850 C ..... 2,700 + 900 = 3,600 Now in the second count, therefore, C having obtained the last number of votes is eliminated and 3,600 votes secured by him are once again transferred to A and B in the order of third preferences recorded thereon. Suppose the third preferences on the 3,600 ballot papers recorded in favour of A and B are 1700 and 1900 respectively the result of this second transfer would then be as under: A ..... 5,550 + 1,700 = 7,250 B ..... 5,850 + 1,900 = 7,750 B having, therefore, in this case secured the quota of votes is elected and it is no longer necessary to count the fourth preference. The illustration thus shows that although B had secured lesser number of first preferences votes as compared to A, yet B is elected by virtue of the second preferences obtained by him. This apparently anomalous result is justified on the reasoning that if the views of the electors are assessed through the doctrine of proportional representation it is clearly revealed that B is preferred and supported by a numerically larger number of electors than A and as such he is the one elected by a majority. The present system of election for the President has been adopted under the Constitution of India, in order to maintain the neutrality of the head of State, which both the ceremonial functions in any federation and the specific powers under a parliamentary system demand and also to render it acceptable to as wide a body of opinion as possible. But it should be remembered that the presidential office can be kept above political turmoils only if the majority party at the Centre willingly consults minority parties also before a nomination is announced. This is desirable because, despite the provision that for the election of the President the votes of the members of Parliament be equal to those of the Assemblies of all the States taken together, the possibility cannot be set aside that State Legislatures may at any time be dominated by parties other than the party in power at the Centre and in such a case they might be able to defeat a nominee of the majority party at the Centre. __________________ अब माई हिंदी फोरम, फेसबुक पर भी है. https://www.facebook.com/hindiforum

15-06-2012, 05:24 PM	#13
abhisays Administrator Join Date: Dec 2009 Location: Bangalore Posts: 16,772 Rep Power: 137	Re: How the President of India is elected? TENTH PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION, 1992 The term of the Eighth President Shri R. Venkataraman was to expire on 24.07.1992. Tenth Presidential Election was to be held before that date. The Electoral College consisted of elected members of Lok Sabha (543), Rajya Sabha (233) and 25 State Legislative Assemblies (3972). Thus the total electors were 4748. Each Member of Parliament had 702 votes and the number of votes for each Member of the State Legislative Assemblies differed from State to State on the basis of the population. The lowest value of votes was for the MLAs of Sikkim State (07) and the highest value of votes was for the MLAs of Uttar Pradesh (208). The value of votes was calculated on the basis of 1971 census. At the time of this election the Legislative Assemblies of J&K and Nagaland were under dissolution. Following were the number of votes polled by the candidates:- 1. Dr Shanker Dayal Sharma 6,75,864 2. Shri G.G. Swell 3,46,485 3. Shri Ram Jethmalani 2,704 4. Kaka Joginder Singh Urf Dharti-Pakad 1,135 -------------- TOTAL 10,26,188 Dr Shankar Dayal Sharma was declared elected by the Returning Officer on 16.07.1992. He assumed office on 25.07.1992. __________________ अब माई हिंदी फोरम, फेसबुक पर भी है. https://www.facebook.com/hindiforum

06-01-2013, 04:01 AM	#14
bharat Member Join Date: May 2011 Posts: 204 Rep Power: 15	Re: How the President of India is elected? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aZnKCauj-tE अच्छी जानकारी का सूत्र है! सच कहूँ तो इस बार के राष्ट्रपति चुनाव तक मुझे भी प्रक्रिया का पता नहीं था! नैट पर खोजा तो एक वीडियो मिला! बहुत आसानी से समझ आ सकता है! लिंक दे रहा हूँ!